The IGCSE Maths qualification is linear. In essence this means that students take two externally assessed papers at the end of their course of study and do not do any coursework. It is offered at two levels (Foundation Tier and Higher Tier) and this means it can accommodate a range of ability levels. Both foundation and higher tiers cover the same broad topic areas, but they are slightly different in terms of the depth and challenge of the questions in the exams.
The Foundation tier is designed specifically for those students aiming for grades 1–5. A student doing this tier cannot achieve a higher grade than 5. Students can change to Higher tier if they are doing well and are likely to achieve a 5 or above. This tier, normally chosen in consultation with parents, teachers and student, focuses on building solid fundamental skills. The topics studied include arithmetic, basic algebra, geometry, probability, and statistics. Questions in this tier are seen as being more straightforward; formulae and problem-solving techniques are supported, and the exam challenges students to demonstrate basic understanding of simple Mathematical concepts.
In contrast, the Higher tier is designed for students targeting grades 4–9. It is possible for a student to fail this tier if they achieve lower than a 4. Students can change tiers if they feel they will be unable to meet the demands of Higher and would be better suited to Foundation. The Higher tier IGCSE Maths course covers all Foundation content but extends students’ thinking and skills into advanced algebra, coordinate geometry, trigonometry, sequences, vectors, alongside statistical and probability analysis. Questions in these exams often involve multi-step problem solving, reasoning, and the application of mathematical concepts in unfamiliar or unusual scenarios. The Higher tier generally prepares students for post-16 study, including A Level Maths and Further Maths.
Both Foundation and Higher IGCSE Maths courses are organised around five major mathematical themes:
Numbers and the number system
Equations, formulae and identities
Sequences, functions and graphs
Geometry and trigonometry
Vectors and transformation geometry
Statistics and probability